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The sources

PT-141 References

Every number on this site traces to one of these — peer-reviewed studies and the FDA label, with links.

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How to use this list

These are the works cited throughout the site, numbered to match the bracketed markers in the text. The list spans the foundational pharmacology, the pivotal RECONNECT Phase 3 trials and their year-long extension, the human fMRI mechanism study, the FDA prescribing information, the Phase 1 appetite data, the published critical re-analyses, and the surrounding reviews. Where a study has a DOI or PubMed identifier, it's included so you can go straight to the source and read it yourself.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
  6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (NDA 210557, approved June 21, 2019). DailyMed (US FDA structured product label). ↗
  7. Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(6):1084-1093. ↗
  8. Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. ↗
  9. Kim S, Cho MC, Cho SY, Chung H, Rajasekaran MR. Novel Emerging Therapies for Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health. 2021;39(1):48-64. ↗
  10. Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurol Int. 2022;14(1):75-88. ↗
  11. Dooley AB, Houssaini AS, Tsai T, Ramasamy R. Use of Telemedicine for Sexual Medicine Patients. Sex Med Rev. 2020;8(4):507-517. ↗
  12. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. ↗
  13. Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024. ↗
  14. Rowen T, et al. Evaluation and management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. Recommendations from a multidisciplinary panel. Sex Med Rev. 2026. ↗
  15. Tan R, et al. Telemedicine Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 8 Countries From the International Society for Sexual Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e60369. ↗